Communication has always been a necessity in human life. Through communication, the trade thought among people, which directly contributes to the development of the quality of life itself, can be performed. The ability to perceive utterances in communication can determine the actions followed. Communication can be built if there is an understanding between the speaker and the hearer. The main aim is to indicate something or some relations or some ideas, and it can be shown or called as it is meant.
Pragmatics is a study which belief is what is communicated is more than what is said. The utterances that the speakers produce in communication contain a deeper sense than the actual meaning of the words or phrases themselves. Yule (1996:3) states that pragmatics has accordingly more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. In the scope of pragmatics there are some factors that stabilize the very definition of pragmatics itself. The factors are speech acts, implicature, maxim and deixis.
Speech act, a variety of verbal communication and also a subfield of pragmatics that studies how words are used not only to present information but also to carry out or perform an action. Yule (1996) states that speech acts are a study of how speakers and hearers use language. Bach (1979) states that speech act is an action in verbal communication has a message in itself, so the communication is not only about language but also with action. In conclusion speech act is the utterance that occurs and the act refers to an action.
There are certain aims beyond the words or phrases when a speaker says something. Austin (in Tsui, 1994:4) explains that speech acts are acts that refer to the action performed by produced utterances. In line with this, Yule (1996;47) states that speech act is action which is performed via utterances. Stating the same idea, Birner (2013) also says that uttering something means doing something. Here, saying something can be performed in action by people. Through speech act, the speaker can convey physical action more through words and phrases.
Speech act treats an utterance as an act performed by a speaker in a context with respect to an addressee. Speech acts attempt to explain how speakers use language to accomplish intended actions and how hearers infer the intended meaning of what is said. Speech act in Austin's (1962) observation that language is a form of action. He was especially interested in certain utterances that did not appear to communicate much information, but instead served as an action. When we use phrases such as “I promise”, “I congratulate…” and “I apologize” the very act of uttering the sentence is a kind of action.
In linguistics, a speech act is an utterance defined in terms of a speaker's intention and the effect it has on a listener. Essentially, it is an action that the speaker hopes to provoke his or her audience. Speech acts might be requests, warnings, promises, apologies, greetings, or any number of declarations. As you might imagine, speech act is an important part of communication
Previous findings have shown that the researchers focused only on the meaning and politeness of the Manggarain culture. This shows that the researcher only focuses on how people use some words, sentences, phrases or paragraphs and what the meaning is from that in some cultures in the Manggarai region. The researcher didn't show other aspects of the culture, such as speech acts. Consequently, the researcher of this study is interested in speech act use in some cultures in the Manggarai region. Thus, the speech acts used in Christmas and New Year events together in Gelong waning ethnicity are the data of this study.
Methodology
These research uses qualitative method. Qualitative research is descriptive. This is because the data collected is in the form of words or pictures or recording rather than numbers. In other words, according to Erickson's qualitative research are concerned with what are called participant perspectives (Wahyuni 2011; 12). The aim of this study here is to investigate the use of speech act of social phenomena as experienced by the people themselves. This was proved by Malterud (Wahyuni 2011; 2) who defined that the qualitative research is also called naturalistic inquiry, developed within the social and human sciences, referred to theories on interpretation (hermeneutics) and human experience (phenomonology).
Specifically, the data were collected through the active participation of observation, whereby the researchers attended the parliamentary proceedings and participated in the interaction. The researcher directly observed the occurrences of communication delivered by each member of parliament. The utterances of parliament members were also recorded and field notes were taken to highlight any utterances indicating speech acts during the proceedings. Documentary records of previous events such as anecdotal, notes, letters, or diaries, whether written or printed were used to add more comprehensive information (MacMillan & Schumacher, 2001, p.42).
The data were analyzed using interactive model of data analysis. That is, the data were analyzed through three cyclical steps, namely, data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. Before selecting and reducing the utterances, the researcher transcribed the utterances occurring in the conversation or interaction of the people in Christmas and New Year together events. Each of the selected utterances was entered into a profile in which all of its relevant characteristics are specified. The data were then classified and categorized based on specified characteristics.
Results and discussions
Searle's theory of speech act (1969) is used to define and classify the types of speech act used by the Tu'a Golo used during christmas and new year together events in gelong waning ethnicity. It is found that the Tu'a Golo used five types of speech acts during his events; representative, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative.
Representatives are speech acts that the utterances commit the speakers to the truth of the expressed proposition. The utterances are produced based on the speaker's observation of certain things and followed by stating the fact or opinion based on the observation (Searle, 1969). Those utterances in the events were in the form of statements, descriptions, classifications and explanations which were used in stating, informing, explaining and also affirming. This is an example representative speech act found in event interaction; Tu'a Gelong: 1) “yo…ma cubicle, ema ata seki hua gendang one waning ngoo nunuk agu kolong, nggitu kole ahe kae gaku ema gaku bapad Reni”. 2). 3). Pileng agu nene Japi".This utterance was produced due to the Tu'a Gelong to the Gelong family about the state of affairs, where in the statement 1) inform the Gelong family that who have descendants from the Waning people are two descendants, namely Nunuk and Kolong. 2) inform that brother from the ende Pileng is a descendant of Nunuk. 3) inform that all the descendants of Gelong Waning's family came from Nene Japi and Nene Pileng; the utterance made by the Tu'a Gelong tells the fact which represents the truth as people will believe it. recite dihe nene, etad he nene hitu, wad ata jaong mbeloh one lewo, pau one ngaung sangged or kaeng sama gu he nene Pileng agu nene Japi”.This utterance was produced due to the Tu'a Gelong to the Gelong family about the state of affairs, where in the statement 1) inform the Gelong family that who have descendants from the Waning people are two descendants, namely Nunuk and Kolong. 2) inform that brother from the ende Pileng is a descendant of Nunuk. 3) inform that all the descendants of Gelong Waning's family came from Nene Japi and Nene Pileng; the utterance made by the Tu'a Gelong tells the fact which represents the truth as people will believe it. recite dihe nene, etad he nene hitu, wad ata jaong mbeloh one lewo, pau one ngaung sangged or kaeng sama gu he nene Pileng agu nene Japi”.This utterance was produced due to the Tu'a Gelong to the Gelong family about the state of affairs, where in the statement 1) inform the Gelong family that who have descendants from the Waning people are two descendants, namely Nunuk and Kolong. 2) inform that brother from the ende Pileng is a descendant of Nunuk. 3) inform that all the descendants of Gelong Waning's family came from Nene Japi and Nene Pileng; the utterance made by the Tu'a Gelong tells the fact which represents the truth as people will believe it. This utterance was produced due to the Tu'a Gelong to the Gelong family about the state of affairs, where in the statement 1) inform the Gelong family that who have descendants from the Waning people are two descendants, namely Nunuk and Kolong.2) inform that brother from the ende Pileng is a descendant of Nunuk. 3) inform that all the descendants of Gelong Waning's family came from Nene Japi and Nene Pileng; the utterance made by the Tu'a Gelong tells the fact which represents the truth as people will believe it. This utterance was produced due to the Tu'a Gelong to the Gelong family about the state of affairs, where in the statement 1) inform the Gelong family that who have descendants from the Waning people are two descendants, namely Nunuk and Kolong. 2) inform that brother from the ende Pileng is a descendant of Nunuk. 3) inform that all the descendants of Gelong Waning's family came from Nene Japi and Nene Pileng;the utterance made by the Tu'a Gelong tells the fact which represents the truth as people will believe it.
Directive means that the speaker directs the hearer to perform some future act which will make the world fit with the seaker's words, or in other words they express what the speaker wants (Searle, 1969). He also stated that it tries to get the hearer to behave in such a way as to make his behavior match the propositional content of the directive. Those utterances in the events were used in warning, questioning, commanding, suggesting, requesting and inviting. This is an example of a directive speech act found in event interaction;“yo… camping ite ema ata ilir mane gulah ngami jaong d wua seki bone parrot waning ngoo drum Nunuk agu drum Kolong, how lucky is tara saih he nene Japi danong is lau cut tong gami, ngo'oy times it blooms sed because of le don weki, ngong nian kali tegi kamping ite em ngitu or sau seki, This utterance was produced due to the Tu'a Gelong intention of commanding the Tu'a Gendang Nunuk and Tu'a Gendang Kolong to give some brief speeches regarding all the activities , efforts and intentions of the Gelong family in 2023; to make them do something that he needs to follow. Commanding can also mean to control someone telling him or her or it what to do. In short, commanding is to give someone an order.Thus, every directive is an expression of a desire that the hearer should do the directed action. commanding is to give someone an order. Thus, every directive is an expression of a desire that the hearer should do the directed action. commanding is to give someone an order. Thus, every directive is an expression of a desire that the hearer should do the directed action.
In commissive, speakers commit themselves to a future act which makes the words fit their words. They express what the speaker intends commissive is the utterance is produced to give action in the future (Searle, 1969). The commissive deal with committing to do something so the conditions of satisfaction would be depending on whether the commitment is carried out, kept or broken. Those utterances in the events were used in promising and pledging. This is an example of a commissive speech act found in event interaction; “Yeah… etan wan koen ngitu wa len, neka keta rabo, ai kudut gorging on dite ngoo's program, ngehe taung sekoen kudut lost agu tarpaulin, ai a na'a chair ndo wan tong gah, ai keeps reciting the Koran with poli ngoo tong , neka keta rabo".The utterance was produced by the Tu'a Gelong to tell the whole Gelong family and Tu'a Gendang Nunuk and Tu'a Gendang Kolong that there is going to be an activity that would be done after finishing the current activity, it is prayed right after finishing the cultural events. This utterance is categorized as a commissive type of speech act since there is the phrase “be going to” applied.
Searle made a category of speech act that focused primarily on representing the speaker's feelings, it was expressive. Expressive is used by the speaker to make words fit the world (in this case – of feeling); it represents the speaker's feeling through psychological state. Those utterances are commonly used in greeting, complimenting, expressing, possibility, thanking, apologizing, welcoming, condoling, pleasuring, liking, disliking, joying, etc. This is an example of expressive speech acts found in event interactions; “yo… camping ite ema ata ilir mane gulah ngami jaong d wua seki bone parrot waning ngoo drum Nunuk agu drum Kolong”. This utterance was produced by the Tu'a Gelong to the Tu'a Gendang Nunuk and Tu'a Gendang Kolong at th first place;the greeting is something friendly and polite used by the Tu'a Gelong as a welcome sign which creates a feeling of warm welcome and also recognition. The other one;” that's tara nggo'o kesa nengo reweng dite extraordinary meaning that the bonds of the Gelong extended family are full of harmony.” This utterance is a compliment; an expressive act since the intention was to praise or express admiration for the Gelong family.
Declarative speech acts are quite special since the words utters have an effect of immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs which tends to rely on the elaborations of extra linguistics institutions (Searle, 1969). He observed that the successful performance of declarative speech acts brought about the correspondence between the propositional content and reality, in order to successfully perform declarative speech acts, the speaker must have a special institutional role in the specific context, in this context, the Tu' a Gelong's role for the Gelong family in the events context. The utterances were commonly used in declaring, dismissing, christening, naming, cursing, appointing, sentencing, firing, etc. This is an example of a declarative speech act found in events;“emo ndo'o at the event ngoo gah, ahi kat pande kole nggerolon, ai woko said seng se kumpul dite ho'o toe ma according to the strength of weki dite, do kid ata toe mak sogad seng hoo”. The term “emo ndo'o kat ngoo gah” is the word that might represent the effect. Gelong family will not celebrate Christmas and new year together in the next year. Thus, by knowing this fact, the Gelong family became aware of the situation.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, the conclusion can be drawn as follows; five types of speech acts were used by Tu'a Gelong, Tu'a Gendang Nunuk and Tua Gendang Kolong in events. Those five types of acts that are used are representative (such as statements, descriptions, classification and explanations which were used in stating, informing, explaining and also affirming), directive (warning, questioning, commanding, suggesting, requesting and inviting), commissive (promising). and pledging), expressive (greeting, complimenting, expressing, possibility, thanking, apologizing, welcoming) and declarative (declaring, dismissing, christening, naming, cursing, appointing, sentencing, firing). Directive types of speech act dominantly used by the Tu'a Gelong,
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McMillan, JH and Schumacher, S. (2001). Research in Education. New York: Longman, Inc.
Searle, JR (1969). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language (Vol. 626). Cambridge: Universitypress.
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